Graphene oxide, despite its cutting-edge applications and potential benefits in various industries, poses significant health risks due to its negative impact on the human body. Upon exposure, graphene oxide can instigate oxidative stress, a condition where an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants leads to cellular and molecular damage. This oxidative stress can cause inflammation and harm critical cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, which may result in mutations and an increased risk of cancer. Additionally, graphene oxide’s sharp, jagged edges can physically damage cell membranes, disrupting cellular integrity and function. This physical intrusion, coupled with the material’s ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), exacerbates toxicity and can impair vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. Over time, the accumulation of graphene oxide in the body can lead to chronic health conditions, including persistent inflammation and immune system dysfunction. The potential for long-term adverse effects underscores the urgent need for thorough safety evaluations and stringent regulatory measures to ensure that the use of graphene oxide in commercial and medical applications does not compromise human health.